

AFFORDABILITY Affordability of Water Service Scott J. Rubin Update on Affordability (for more detailed information, please contact NRWA) - 9/2006 Economic Characteristics of Small Systems Scott J. Rubin Criteria to Assess the Affordability of Water Service Scott J. Rubin Map 1 (.pdf) Map 2 (.pdf) Map 3 (.pdf) Map 4 (.pdf) Map 5 (.pdf) Update of Affordability Database for National Rural Water Association Scott J. Rubin Maps 1-5 (.pdf) Maps 6-10 (.pdf) Criteria to Assess Affordability Concerns in the Conference Report for HR 2620 Scott J. Rubin Map (.pdf) The Cost of Water and Wastewater Service in the United States Scott J. Rubin Database (.pdf) Figure 1 (.pdf) Figure 2 (.pdf) Figure 3 (.pdf) Tables 1-6 (.pdf) Table 7 (.pdf) Tables 8-10 (.pdf) Tables 11-15 (.pdf) Comparison of Financial Condition and Average Revenues of Water Utilities of Different Sizes Scott J. Rubin AFFORDABILITY HEALTH RISK TRADEOFF ISSUES Affordability is a critical regulatory issue for all water systems and their customers, but especially for small systems. However, only in relatively recent times has this issue begun to receive consistent attention across the water industry. Most importantly perhaps, the focus on affordability has begun to shift from it being primarily an emotional or societal issue to a health issue with clear scientific evidence that there are definite, quantifiable adverse health impacts on families forced into unhealthy spending choices by the cost of water regulations. NRWA has commissioned a thorough examination of the significance of these tradeoff issues by recognized experts and the following two papers present the results of these examinations. In addition to these papers, two versions of the basic work by Rubin, Raucher , Lawson and Crawford-Brown have been submitted to technical journals for possible publication. One of these versions addresses the policy implications of this work and the other covers the detailed technical methodology and results. The outcome of these submissions will be announced here at a later date. The Relationship Between Household Financial Distress and Health: Implications for Small Drinking Water Systems by Scott Rubin, Robert Raucher, and Megan Lawson Risk Trade-offs in Public Health when Water Prices Rise: the Implications for Small Community Supplies by D. Crawford –Brown, R. Raucher, S. Rubin, and M. Lawson. BENEFIT AND COST ANALYSIS Balancing Benefits and Costs Robert S. Raucher The HRRCA Review Process Robert S. Raucher & Nimmi Damodaran CONSERVATISM IN REGULATION DEVELOPMENT Blending Science with Policy: Precautionary Assumptions and Their Impact on Benefit-Cost Analyses and Drinking Water Standards Robert S. Raucher The Radon MCL for Drinking Water: Variability, Uncertainty, Precautionary Assumptions, and Related Benefit-Cost Issues for Small Systems Robert S. Raucher Appendix A Appendix B Approaches to Determining Unreasonable Risk To Health Joan Strawson, etal Enforcement Flexibility Under the Safe Drinking Water Act Steven J. Koorse GENERAL WATER ISSUES Small System Electric Power Use - Opportunities For Savings by John E. Regnier and Richard Winters STANDARDS AND RISK ISSUES Applicability of Laboratory Data Generated for Compliance with Safe Drinking Water Regulations Sanford Cohen & Associates (May, 2007) Acceptable Risk in the Context of Managing Environmental Hazards Joshua T. Cohen Confronting Trade-offs in Protecting Human Health and the Environment George M. Gray and Joshua T. Cohen Thresholds in Toxic Responses to Chemicals and Radiation and Their Use in Risk Assessment and Regulation Richard J. Bull Sensitive Subpopulations Jeffrey K. Griffiths Dual/Multiple Contaminant Standards Under the Safe Drinking Water Act Robert J. Fensterheim Compounding Effects of Drinking Water Regulations on Small Water Systems Frederick W. Pontius Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) In Drinking Water by Frederick W. Pontius, Ph.D., P.E. Approaches for Providing Potable Water in Small Systems Joseph A. Cotruvo Regulatory Policy White Paper Frederick W. Pontius Ownership and Management Options for Small and Rural Water Systems Consolidation Potential for Small Water Systems — Differences Between Urban and Rural Systems Tom Ottem, etal Consolidation for Small Water Systems: What are the Pros and Cons? Robert S. Raucher, etal Privatization of Small Water Systems Harold J. Smith Comparative Advantages of Alternative Forms of Public Ownership for Public Water Systems John Cromwell and Robert S. Raucher Assessment of Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Requirements based on Water System Size and Type by frederick W. Pontius, Ph.D., P.E. Comparison of Water and Wastewater System Financing Through the Rural Utilities Service and State Revolving Funds Laurence Bowman National Cost Estimate for Cross Connection Control in Small Water Systems (.pdf) Fredrick W. Pontius and William B. Evans REGULATORY BRIEFING PAPERS Atrazine Nancy L. Pontius Coliform Bacteria Nancy L. Pontius Manganese Nancy L. Pontius Metolachlor Nancy L. Pontius MTBE Nancy L. Pontius Perchlorate Nancy L. Pontius Pharmaceuticals Nancy L. Pontius WASTEWATER The Impact of Clean Water Act Regulations on Small and Rural Wastewater Systems EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc. Small Wastewater System Profile by Kramer Environmental Management, Inc. Copyright © 2004 by National Rural Water Association. Compilation copyright © 2004 by National Rural Water Association. All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. National Rural Water Association 2915 South 13^th Street, Duncan, OK 73533 580-252-0629, FAX 580-255-4476 Printed in the United States of America.